seventeenth-century England

Seventeenth-century England was a period of significant political, social, and cultural change. It saw the rise of monarchy under rulers like James I and Charles I, leading to tensions that resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1651). This conflict pitted royalists against Parliamentarians, ultimately leading to the temporary establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. The century also witnessed advancements in science and literature, with figures like Isaac Newton and William Shakespeare shaping cultural life. The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 marked the end of this turbulent era, paving the way for modern British governance.