medieval Scotland

Medieval Scotland, spanning roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century, was characterized by shifting power dynamics, clan culture, and battles for independence. Early on, it featured the rise of local kings and the influence of Viking invasions. The 13th century saw significant conflict, notably the wars of independence led by figures like William Wallace and Robert the Bruce against English rule. The establishment of the Kingdom of Scotland was marked by feudalism, the strengthening of the monarchy, and the growth of towns. By the late medieval period, Scotland began to establish its distinct identity, impacting its future.