Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a 17th-century philosopher and mathematician known for his work in both philosophy of mathematics and theodicy—the justification of God's goodness in the face of evil. He believed that our universe is the "best of all possible worlds," balancing the existence of good and evil. In mathematics, he contributed to calculus and introduced mathematical notation. Leibniz argued that through reason and logic, we could understand the underlying principles of both mathematics and the nature of existence, suggesting a rational structure to reality that reflects divine order.