Jain cosmology

Jain cosmology views the universe as eternal and structured into three main realms: the heavens (where celestial beings reside), the earthly region (where humans and animals live), and the netherworld (home to spirits and hellish beings). It emphasizes a dualistic concept of reality, consisting of conscious souls (jivas) and non-conscious matter (ajiva). Time is cyclical, divided into ascending and descending halves, influencing the soul’s journey toward liberation (moksha). Jain beliefs stress that ethical living, non-violence, and self-discipline are crucial for spiritual progress within this vast and intricate universe.