covalent modification

Covalent modification refers to the process by which chemical groups are added to or removed from proteins or other molecules through covalent bonds. This can alter a molecule's function, activity, or stability. Common examples include the addition of phosphate groups in phosphorylation, which can activate or deactivate proteins involved in cell signaling. Covalent modifications play a crucial role in regulating biological processes, allowing cells to respond to changes in their environment and maintain proper function. Essentially, it’s a way that cells fine-tune their machinery for effective operation.