Beguines

Beguines were communities of women in medieval Europe, particularly active from the 12th to the 17th centuries. These women, often from various social backgrounds, lived together in semi-religious groups where they could focus on spirituality without taking formal vows like nuns. They led lives of relative independence, engaging in work, prayer, and charitable activities. Beguines contributed to their communities while maintaining their autonomy, and they often faced scrutiny from the church and society. Some notable Beguine communities included those in Belgium and the Netherlands, and their legacy continues to be recognized for its impact on women's roles in history.