avian physiology

Avian physiology refers to the biological systems and functions of birds. Birds have unique adaptations for flight, including lightweight bones, a strong breastbone for muscle attachment, and feathers for lift and insulation. Their respiratory system is highly efficient, featuring air sacs that allow for continuous airflow through the lungs. Unlike mammals, birds have a four-chambered heart, which ensures effective oxygen transport. Their digestive system is specialized for a high-energy diet, with a crop for storage and a gizzard for grinding food. These adaptations enable birds to thrive in diverse environments and maintain active lifestyles.