Bird physiology

Bird physiology is uniquely adapted for flight and survival. They have lightweight bones with air spaces (hollow bones) that reduce weight without sacrificing strength. Their powerful chest muscles, connected to a keeled sternum, enable wing movement. Birds have a high metabolic rate to sustain energy for flying, supported by efficient lungs and a continuous airflow system. Their beaks are specialized for their diet, and they possess excellent vision. Feet and claws vary for perching, grabbing, or digging. Overall, bird physiology balances lightweight structure, strong musculature, and high metabolic efficiency to meet the demands of flight and daily activity.