19th-century physiology

In the 19th century, physiology emerged as a scientific discipline focused on understanding how living organisms function. Researchers explored processes such as circulation, respiration, and digestion, often through experimental methods. Key figures like Claude Bernard and Hermann von Helmholtz made significant advancements, revealing how organs and systems worked together to maintain life. The development of microscopy and new techniques allowed for deeper insights into cellular functions and the nervous system. This era laid the groundwork for modern biology and medicine, emphasizing the relationship between structure and function in living beings.