17th-century Italy

In the 17th century, Italy was a patchwork of city-states and regions, each with its own government and culture, such as Venice, Florence, and Rome. This period saw the rise of Baroque art and architecture, with artists like Caravaggio and Bernini pushing creative boundaries. Italy was also marked by political struggles and the influence of the Catholic Church, particularly after the Counter-Reformation. The century witnessed economic challenges, yet it remained a hub of culture and innovation, paving the way for developments in music, science, and philosophy that would shape European history.