12th-century India

In the 12th century, India was marked by significant political and cultural developments. The region saw the rise of various regional kingdoms, such as the Chola, Pandya, and the early Delhi Sultanate. This period also experienced the flourishing of art, architecture, and literature, with impressive temples and the use of intricate stone carvings. Additionally, the spread of Bhakti and Sufi movements emphasized personal devotion and spirituality. Trade increased, connecting India with the Middle East and Southeast Asia. This era set the stage for future conflicts and cultural exchanges, shaping India's diverse heritage.