Wu Zetian (Empress Wu)

Wu Zetian, often referred to as Empress Wu, was the only woman to formally rule as emperor in China, reigning during the Tang Dynasty from 690 to 705 AD. Originally a concubine of Emperor Gaozong, she rose to power after his death, first as a regent for her sons and then claiming the throne herself. Empress Wu is known for her political acumen, establishing a merit-based civil service and promoting Buddhism. Her reign was marked by both effective governance and controversy, as she challenged traditional gender roles, making her a significant figure in Chinese history.