VLF (Very Low Frequency) Propagation

Very Low Frequency (VLF) propagation refers to the transmission of radio waves at frequencies between 3 kHz and 30 kHz. These low-frequency signals can travel long distances by reflecting off the Earth’s surface and the ionosphere, a layer of charged particles in the atmosphere. VLF is particularly useful for communication with submarines and remote monitoring because it can penetrate water and reach deep underground. This type of radio wave is less affected by obstacles and atmospheric conditions, making it reliable for certain applications, though it carries less data compared to higher frequency signals.