The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange refers to the widespread transfer of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the rest of the world after Christopher Columbus’s voyage in 1492. This exchange introduced new crops like potatoes and maize to Europe and Asia, while bringing horses, cattle, and diseases to the Americas. It profoundly impacted global demographics, agriculture, and economies—leading to increased food diversity and population growth, but also causing devastating epidemics among indigenous peoples. The Columbian Exchange reshaped the world’s ecosystems and cultural landscapes in complex and lasting ways.