The Collapse of Complex Societies (book)

"The Collapse of Complex Societies" by Joseph Tainter explores why advanced civilizations fall apart. Tainter argues that societies become more complex over time, which can lead to increased costs and diminishing returns on investments in resources and problem-solving. When faced with crises—such as environmental changes, economic challenges, or social unrest—these complexities can inhibit effective responses. Ultimately, when a society's problem-solving costs outweigh the benefits, it may collapse or significantly decline. Tainter’s work emphasizes the intricate balance between complexity and resilience in sustaining a civilization.