System of Systems (SoS)

A System of Systems (SoS) refers to a collection of independent, individual systems that work together to achieve a common goal. Each system retains its own functionality and purpose but collaborates with others, often across different domains, to create greater overall capabilities. Think of it like a city, where various systems—like transportation, communication, and utilities—operate separately but together enhance the city's efficiency and livability. SoS is commonly seen in areas like defense, healthcare, and transportation, where the integration of distinct systems leads to improved performance and outcomes.