System of Systems Theory

System of Systems (SoS) Theory refers to the analysis and management of complex arrangements where multiple independent systems work together to achieve broader goals. Each system maintains its own functions but collaborates seamlessly within the larger network, like transportation, communication, or healthcare systems. Think of it as a city’s infrastructure—individual components like water, electricity, and roads operate separately but integrate to keep everything functioning smoothly. SoS emphasizes coordination, interoperability, and the dynamic relationships between these systems, recognizing that their combined capabilities often surpass what each can do alone.