Space groups

Space groups are mathematical descriptions used in crystallography to classify the symmetrical arrangements of atoms in three-dimensional space. Each space group represents a unique way that a crystal can be structured, combining translations, rotations, reflections, and glide reflections. In essence, they provide a way to understand how the repeating patterns in a crystal's atomic structure operate and relate to one another. There are 230 distinct space groups, which help scientists determine properties of materials and their behavior in various contexts, such as in chemistry, physics, and materials science.