Smad proteins

Smad proteins are essential molecules inside cells that act as messengers in the process of transmitting signals from the outside to the inside, especially for controlling cell growth, division, and development. They are activated when certain signaling molecules, like transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), bind to receptors on the cell surface. Once activated, Smad proteins move into the nucleus, where they influence the activity of genes. This regulation helps maintain normal cell functions and plays a role in processes like healing and immune responses, but can also be involved in diseases if the signaling goes awry.