S-parameters

S-parameters, or scattering parameters, are used to describe how radio frequency signals behave when they encounter a device like an amplifier or a filter. They provide a way to understand how much of the signal is transmitted, reflected, or absorbed. Each S-parameter represents a specific relationship: for instance, S11 indicates how much of the input signal is reflected back, while S21 shows how much is transmitted from input to output. Engineers use S-parameters to assess the performance of electronic components in communication systems, ensuring they work efficiently and effectively.