Scattering parameters

Scattering parameters, or S-parameters, are measurements used in electrical engineering to describe how signals behave in high-frequency circuits, such as antennas or RF components. They tell us how much of an incoming signal on one port (connection point) is transmitted or reflected at each connection. Essentially, S-parameters provide a map of signal flow and reflection within a network, helping engineers understand and optimize the performance of devices that handle high-frequency signals without needing to directly measure voltage or current inside the circuit.