Russell and Burch

Russell and Burch are known for their pivotal work in 1959 on the principles of humane animal research. They introduced the "3Rs" framework: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Replacement advocates for using alternatives to animals in research when possible; Reduction emphasizes minimizing the number of animals used; and Refinement focuses on enhancing animal welfare and minimizing suffering. Their concepts have significantly influenced ethical standards in scientific research and have led to more compassionate approaches to studying diseases and developing treatments while respecting animal lives.