3Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement)

The 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—are guiding principles for ethical animal research. Replacement means using alternatives like computer models or cell cultures instead of animals when possible. Reduction involves using the fewest animals needed to obtain valid results, minimizing their use. Refinement focuses on modifying procedures to lessen pain, suffering, or distress for the animals. Together, these principles aim to promote responsible, humane research practices that respect animal welfare while advancing scientific knowledge.