3Rs principles (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement)

The 3Rs principles refer to methods for improving research and testing practices in a way that reduces the use of animals. 1. **Replacement** involves using non-animal methods (like computer models or cell cultures) instead of animals when possible. 2. **Reduction** aims to minimize the number of animals used in research by optimizing experimental designs to gather more data from fewer subjects. 3. **Refinement** seeks to enhance animal welfare by improving techniques and procedures to reduce pain and distress. Together, these principles promote ethical science while still pursuing necessary research.