Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

A Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is a graph that shows how well a test or model can distinguish between two different groups, such as those with or without a disease. It plots the true positive rate (sensitivity) against the false positive rate (1-specificity) at various thresholds. The closer the curve is to the top-left corner, the better the test is at correctly identifying true cases without false alarms. The area under the curve (AUC) quantifies this performance, with 1 indicating perfect accuracy and 0.5 suggesting no better than random guessing.