physiology of the cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste like carbon dioxide. Blood vessels are categorized into arteries (which carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart), veins (bringing oxygen-poor blood back), and capillaries (tiny vessels facilitating exchange between blood and cells). This system regulates blood flow, maintains blood pressure, and adapts to the body’s needs during activities such as exercise. It plays a crucial role in overall health, supporting vital functions and responding dynamically to changes within the body.