Nineteenth-century Scotland

Nineteenth-century Scotland witnessed significant social, economic, and cultural changes. The Industrial Revolution transformed cities like Glasgow and Dundee into industrial hubs, driving urbanization and population growth. This period also saw a rise in nationalism and the revival of Scottish culture, led by movements in literature and the arts, with figures such as Sir Walter Scott and Robert Burns gaining prominence. Education reform increased literacy, while social issues, including poverty and worker rights, emerged. The century was marked by events like the Highland Clearances, which displaced many rural communities, profoundly shaping Scotland's modern identity and heritage.