Kidney Stones (Nephrolithiasis)

Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, are hard mineral deposits that form in the kidneys when certain substances in urine become overly concentrated. These stones can vary in size and can cause significant pain, especially when they move through the urinary tract. Symptoms may include severe pain in the back or side, blood in urine, and frequent urination. Factors like dehydration, diet, and certain medical conditions can increase the risk of developing stones. Treatment options range from drinking fluids to help pass the stones, to medications, or in some cases, surgery to remove larger stones.