dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates are a group of single-celled microorganisms found mainly in aquatic environments—oceans, seas, and freshwater. They have two flagella, whip-like tails that enable movement, and often possess cellulose plates that form protective coverings. Many dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, using sunlight to produce energy, making them important members of marine food webs. Some species can produce toxins, leading to phenomena like red tides, which can harm marine life and humans. They play essential roles in ecological processes, including nutrient cycling, and are a key component of phytoplankton populations in aquatic ecosystems.