chemical bonding theory

Chemical bonding theory explains how atoms combine to form molecules. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and they bond by sharing or transferring electrons to achieve a stable arrangement (often resembling the electron configuration of noble gases). The main types of bonds are covalent bonds, where electrons are shared, and ionic bonds, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating charged ions that attract each other. Understanding these interactions helps explain the properties of substances, how they react, and why they exist in different forms, such as solids, liquids, or gases.