XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is an analytical technique used to identify the chemical composition of materials. It works by shining X-rays onto a sample, causing electrons to be ejected from the surface. By measuring the energy of these emitted electrons, scientists can determine what elements are present and their chemical states. XPS is particularly useful for studying thin films, coatings, and surfaces in materials science, chemistry, and nanotechnology, providing insights that help in understanding material properties and behaviors.