Universals and Implicational hierarchies

Universals refer to general rules or patterns that apply across many instances or cases. For example, "All humans are mortal" is a universal statement. Implicational hierarchies, on the other hand, are structured relationships where one universal suggests or implies another. For instance, if all birds can fly, it implies that if something is a bird, it can likely fly. Together, these concepts help us understand how broad truths relate to specific instances, guiding knowledge and reasoning in various fields, from science to philosophy.