tunnel construction

Tunnel construction involves creating a passageway through the ground, typically for transportation, utilities, or water. There are two main methods: cut-and-cover, where a trench is dug, and a tunnel is built before covering it back up; and boring, using machines called tunnel boring machines (TBMs) that excavate underground without disrupting the surface. Construction requires careful planning, including geological surveys, structural engineering, and safety measures to handle ground conditions and potential water infiltration. Tunnel construction is essential for reducing surface congestion, improving infrastructure, and connecting regions efficiently.