Secondary messenger systems

Secondary messenger systems are processes that help cells respond to signals from their environment. When a signal molecule, like a hormone, binds to a receptor on a cell's surface, it triggers the production of small molecules inside the cell, known as secondary messengers. These messengers amplify the signal and help coordinate complex cellular activities, such as growth, metabolism, or immune responses. Common secondary messengers include calcium ions and cyclic AMP (cAMP). This system allows cells to communicate effectively and respond quickly to changes, playing a crucial role in maintaining overall health and function.