Pauli matrices

Pauli matrices are a set of three 2x2 complex matrices used in quantum mechanics to represent quantum states and their properties, particularly for spin-½ particles like electrons. They are denoted as σ₁ (sigma x), σ₂ (sigma y), and σ₃ (sigma z). Each matrix corresponds to a different axis in space and plays a crucial role in describing quantum behavior, such as superposition and entanglement. These matrices form the foundation for understanding more complex quantum systems and operations, contributing significantly to the study of quantum computing and spin systems in physics.