P-values

A P-value is a statistical measure that helps determine whether the results of an experiment or study are significant. It represents the probability of observing the results, or something more extreme, if the null hypothesis (usually suggesting no effect or no difference) is true. A low P-value (typically below 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, suggesting that the observed effect is likely real rather than due to random chance. In contrast, a high P-value suggests that the observed results could easily occur under the null hypothesis, leading to a lack of evidence for a significant effect.