P-N junction

A P-N junction is a boundary between two types of semiconductor materials: "P-type," which has an excess of positive charge carriers (holes), and "N-type," which has an excess of negative charge carriers (electrons). When these two materials are joined, they create an electric field that allows current to flow easily in one direction (forward bias) while blocking it in the opposite direction (reverse bias). This property makes P-N junctions essential in electronic devices like diodes, transistors, and solar cells, enabling them to control and manipulate electrical signals effectively.