On Crimes and Punishments

"On Crimes and Punishments," written by Cesare Beccaria in 1764, is a foundational text in criminal justice philosophy. Beccaria argues against the death penalty and excessive punishment, advocating for fair and rational laws. He emphasizes that laws should be clear and applied consistently to prevent arbitrary governance. The work promotes the idea of deterrence rather than revenge, focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment. Beccaria's ideas laid the groundwork for modern legal systems, influencing reforms that prioritize human rights, justice, and the belief that punishment should fit the crime and serve a societal purpose.