National Innovation Systems

National Innovation Systems (NIS) refer to the framework of institutions, policies, and actors that drive innovation in a country. It encompasses universities, research organizations, businesses, and government agencies that collaborate to foster new ideas and technologies. The effectiveness of an NIS depends on how well these elements work together to create an environment conducive to research, development, and commercialization of innovations. A strong NIS can enhance a country's competitiveness, economic growth, and overall well-being by promoting creativity and the application of new solutions to societal challenges.