Nation-states

A nation-state is a political entity characterized by defined territorial borders, a permanent population, and a government that exercises control over its affairs. It typically aligns with a distinct cultural identity, such as language, religion, or ethnicity. Nation-states are sovereign, meaning they have the authority to govern themselves without external interference. Examples include countries like France or Japan, where the nation (people with a common identity) coincides with the state (government and institutions). The concept is foundational in international relations, influencing laws, diplomacy, and global interactions.