medieval agriculture

Medieval agriculture was primarily focused on self-sufficient manors, using tools like plows and hoes to cultivate crops and raise livestock. Farmers followed a seasonal cycle—planting and harvesting based on weather patterns—and used crop rotation and manure to maintain soil fertility. Work was labor-intensive, often relying on serfs or peasants. Innovations included windmills and watermills for grinding grain. The system was heavily influenced by feudal structures, with landownership shaping farming practices. Despite limitations, medieval farmers developed effective methods that sustained communities for centuries in a largely rural, agrarian society.