Max-Neef Fundamental Human Needs

Max-Neef's Fundamental Human Needs theory identifies nine basic needs that drive human behavior and well-being: subsistence (basic survival needs), protection (safety and security), affection (love and belonging), understanding (knowledge and meaning), participation (involvement in social life), leisure (rest and recreation), creation (self-expression and creativity), identity (sense of self), and freedom (autonomy). Unlike materialistic approaches, Max-Neef emphasizes that fulfillment of these needs varies across cultures and individuals. Satisfying these needs in balanced ways leads to sustainable development and enhances overall quality of life.