kelp forests

Kelp forests are dense underwater ecosystems formed by large, brown macroalgae called kelp. These forests grow in nutrient-rich, cold coastal waters and can extend hundreds of feet, creating a towering underwater landscape. Kelp provides essential habitat and food for a variety of marine species, including fish, sea otters, sea urchins, and invertebrates. They also help protect coastlines by reducing wave energy. Kelp forests are vital for maintaining healthy ocean environments, supporting biodiversity, and sequestering carbon, making them crucial components of marine ecosystems.