James L. C. Spence

James L. C. Spence was a Scottish philosopher and psychologist known for his work on the nature of intelligence and human behavior. He contributed to the field of psychometrics, studying how mental abilities can be measured and assessed. Spence is particularly recognized for developing the concept of "intelligence testing" and exploring the relationship between personality and academic performance. His ideas have influenced educational psychology and the understanding of cognitive abilities, shaping how we think about intelligence and learning in both academic and practical contexts.