Inertial navigation systems

Inertial navigation systems (INS) are advanced technologies used to determine an object's position and movement without relying on external references like GPS. They use a combination of accelerometers and gyroscopes to measure the object's acceleration and rotation. By continuously calculating changes in speed and direction from a known starting point, INS can provide real-time location and orientation. This system is essential in various applications, such as aircraft, submarines, and spacecraft, allowing them to navigate accurately even in environments where GPS signals are unavailable or unreliable.