Friedrich Albert Lange

Friedrich Albert Lange was a German philosopher and scientist known for his work on the nature of consciousness and the relationship between mind and body. He is associated with epiphenomenalism, the idea that mental states (like thoughts and feelings) are by-products of physical brain processes. According to this view, while our experiences of emotions and thoughts are real, they do not influence our actions; they are secondary to physical happenings. Lange's work bridges science and philosophy, prompting discussions about how our mental lives relate to the physical universe and the implications for free will.