file system standards

File system standards are guidelines that dictate how data is organized, stored, and accessed on storage devices like hard drives and SSDs. They ensure that files can be read and written consistently across different operating systems, such as Windows, macOS, or Linux. Common standards include NTFS, FAT32, and ext4, each with unique features suited for different needs. By adhering to these standards, users can manage data effectively, maintain compatibility, and optimize performance, ensuring that files are easily retrievable and securely stored.