Cofactors

Cofactors are non-protein molecules or ions that assist enzymes, which are biological catalysts, in performing their functions more effectively. They can be inorganic, like metal ions (e.g., magnesium or zinc), or organic molecules called coenzymes (e.g., vitamins like B6 or C). By binding to enzymes, cofactors help stabilize the enzyme's structure or participate directly in chemical reactions, enabling the enzyme to convert substrates into products efficiently. Without cofactors, many enzymes would not work properly, affecting vital processes in the body such as metabolism and energy production.