chip manufacturing

Chip manufacturing, or semiconductor fabrication, involves creating tiny electronic circuits on silicon wafers. The process begins with a pure silicon disc, which is cleaned and layered with various materials. Photolithography applies light to transfer intricate patterns onto the surface, followed by etching to remove unwanted material, shaping transistors and connections. Layers are repeated to build complex structures essential for functionality. After testing, chips are cut from the wafer and packaged for integration into devices like smartphones, computers, and cars. This intricate process combines chemistry, physics, and engineering to produce the essential components of modern electronics.