Casper

Casper is a proof-of-stake consensus protocol used in the Ethereum blockchain to validate transactions securely and efficiently. Instead of miners competing to add blocks, Casper relies on validators who deposit some of their cryptocurrency as a stake. These validators confirm transactions, and if they act honestly, they earn rewards. If they attempt fraud, they risk losing their stake. Casper improves network security, reduces energy consumption, and enables faster, more scalable transaction processing by incentivizing honest participation and penalizing malicious behavior.